Hot topics on social media, enticing advertising slogans, and the constant clash of opinions all seem to be influencing our judgment at every moment. But how can we stay clear-headed in this ocean of information and make rational choices? The answer lies in critical thinking.

What is critical thinking?

In simple terms, critical thinking is the ability to assess and analyze information rationally. It goes beyond simply thinking about information—it’s about deeply examining it. By evaluating the source, supporting evidence, and logical soundness of the information, we can determine whether it is true and reliable.

For example, when we see an ad claiming, “This toothpaste whitens teeth—90% of dentists recommend it,” critical thinking prompts us to ask: How was that 90% measured? Do these dentists have any commercial interest? Could other toothpastes produce similar results?

Why is critical thinking necessary?

1. Avoid being misled

In today’s information overload, clickbait and sensationalist marketing are everywhere, often appealing to emotions to grab attention. Critical thinking helps us stay rational, resist surface-level appearances, and avoid falling for false or misleading information.

2. Improve decision-making quality

Critical thinking enables us to view problems from multiple perspectives, consider more possibilities, and make more reasoned decisions. Whether in academic research, daily life, or workplace situations, it equips us to choose more wisely.

How to develop critical thinking?

1. Clarify what the other person is saying

When you receive a statement or opinion, first ask yourself: “What exactly are they saying? What is their main point?” By clarifying their position, you can better understand the essence of the information and avoid misinterpretation.

Example: If a friend says, “Drinking coffee every day can extend your life,” you could ask, “Are you saying coffee really makes people live longer?”

2. Check if they have evidence

The truth of any claim relies on evidence. When you hear an opinion, ask yourself: “Do they have evidence? Is it credible?”

Example: If a friend says, “90% of people think this phone is great,” you could ask, “Where did that 90% come from? What kind of survey was done?”

3. Look for flaws in their reasoning

Learn to spot gaps or weaknesses in arguments. Ask yourself: “Does this make sense? Is there any flaw in the logic?” Logical fallacies are a common way to mislead, and identifying them helps prevent faulty conclusions.

Example: If a friend says, “Since A happened after B, A must have caused B,” you might ask, “Could it just be coincidence? Are there other possible causes?”

4. Uncover hidden assumptions

Sometimes, statements are based on unstated assumptions. Develop the skill to spot these assumptions and challenge whether they hold true.

Example: If a friend says, “This phone is expensive because its features are so advanced,” you could ask, “Could it be due to brand markup or high marketing costs instead?”

5. Consider other possibilities

Critical thinking means avoiding one-sided views. Ask yourself: “Is what they’re saying the only explanation? Could there be others?”

Example: If a friend says, “I did poorly on the exam because the questions were too hard,” you could ask, “Could it be because you didn’t review enough, or were too nervous during the test?”

6. Ask questions rationally

Questioning is central to critical thinking, but it must be done skillfully. Avoid rushing to conclusions—ask several probing questions and analyze calmly.

Example: Upon seeing an ad saying, “This toothpaste whitens teeth—90% of dentists recommend it,” you might ask:

Is the whitening effect reliable?

How many dentists were surveyed to get that 90%?

Were these dentists paid to endorse it?

Can other toothpaste brands achieve the same results?

These questions can help you detect exaggerations in ads and avoid being misled.

In short, critical thinking not only helps us discern the truthfulness of information but also enhances our ability to make rational decisions in a complex information environment. By questioning, analyzing, and reasoning, we can see the truth more clearly and avoid being swayed by false claims.